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Oct 21, 2014 Using the Ekman 60 Faces Test to Detect Emotion Recognition Deficit in Brain Injury Patients. Add to your list(s) Download to your calendar using vCal. Luning Sun; Tuesday 21 October 2014, 16:00-17:00; 2nd Floor Seminar Room, Department of Psychology, Downing Site, Cambridge. If you have a question about this talk, please contact Chan Yin Wah. Recognizing facial expressions is a sign of good emotional and mental health. The following quiz tests your abilities on cognitive recognition of faces. A score lower than 60% means that your mental health is not stable, and you need to get yourself checked by a psychologist. The software (FEEST) was available on a touch screen research computer in a laboratory room. The Hungarian version of Ekman 60 Faces Test has already been validated in the general Hungarian.

Results2458 prisoners were screened using the tool, and 4% scored above the cut-off. 126 prisoners were further assessed using standardised measures. 7 of those 126 assessed scored 32 or above (cut-off) on the AQ. 44 interviews were completed with prisoners' relatives, no prisoner reached the cut-off score on the ASDI. Scores on the screening tool correlated significantly with AQ and ASDI scores, and not with the Ekman 60 Faces Test or IQ. Sensitivity was 28.6% and specificity 75.6%; AUC was 59.6%. Citation: Robinson L, Spencer MD, Thomson LDG, Stanfield AC, Owens DGC, Hall J, et al.

(2012) Evaluation of a Screening Instrument for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Prisoners. PLoS ONE 7(5):e36078.Grainne M. McAlonan, King's College London, United KingdomReceived: December 22, 2011; Accepted: March 26, 2012; Published: May 25, 2012Copyright: © 2012 Robinson et al. Sukitte ii na yo live action eng sub. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Funding: This study was supported by the Anthony Oliver bequest, a financial donation to the Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh in 1996. This is not a profit-making organisation.

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionAutism spectrum disorders (ASDs), which include autism, Asperger syndrome and Pervasive Developmental disorder - Not Otherwise Specified, encompass impairments in social interaction, abnormalities in communication, and restricted, repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviour.

Results of prevalence studies vary, but community prevalence in adults in England is estimated to be 9.8 per thousand.There is no evidence that individuals with ASDs are more likely to offend than those without. However, the relatively high levels of ASDs found in high-security psychiatric settings, have led to concerns that individuals with ASDs are not being recognised in the criminal justice system.

Without such recognition, it may be difficult to make sense of their offence and assess criminal responsibility in order to allow an appropriate defence. While in prison these individuals may be particularly vulnerable to bullying or exploitation. They are at increased risk of psychiatric co-morbidity, particularly ADHD and mood disorders,.

In addition, they may present management problems as a consequence of poor social and communication skills. Their early identification in prison would allow appropriate care to be provided, and risk of future offending to be more effectively assessed and managed.The prevalence rate of ASDs in prisons is not known. A study asking staff in the Scottish Prison Service how many cases they were aware of yielded 19 people with an established diagnosis of learning disability and/or ASDs across 16 prisons. This did not take into account undiagnosed cases or those where the diagnosis was not known to staff, and was not intended as a measure of prevalence.In community samples, reported rates of ASDs vary. A rate of 15% was found for pervasive developmental disorder in a sample of young offenders referred for forensic psychiatric assessment in Stockholm.

A UK community study, although not a prevalence study, found lower rates of offending in individuals with a diagnosis of ASD than in a comparison group.Diagnosis of ASDs usually requires a neurodevelopmental history and a clinical assessment. Although a number of clinical diagnostic instruments, such as the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), are available, such instruments are too lengthy to be employed across a large population in a prison setting. Screening tools for other mental disorders have been used in prisons. However, there is no such tool available for ASDs.Against this background, a screening instrument for use in prisons has been devised.

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We sought to evaluate the screening questionnaire by comparing it against two other assessments used commonly by mental health professionals to assess for ASDs and an objective measure of social cognition, known to be impaired in individuals with ASDs. Screening of the prison populationAll 12 publicly-operated closed prisons in Scotland were invited to take part in the study. Prison officers completed the screening tool on convicted prisoners whom they had known for at least a week, during a specified one-week period.The screening tool was designed by a group of researchers in the field of autism in association with the charity Research Autism , and based upon the Asperger Syndrome (and High-Functioning Autism) Diagnostic Interview (ASDI). It was intended to be completed for each prisoner by a prison officer who knows that prisoner well.

Responses are based on behaviours that the officer will have observed as part of their professional role. No training is required to use the instrument and it takes on average 1.5 minutes to complete. A score of 5 or above was chosen as a positive score at the time of its design. InterviewsFollowing the screening process, we aimed to interview and further assess all prisoners scoring above the proposed cut-off of 5 on the screening tool, and an equal number of age and sex-matched controls scoring below 5. However, as very few prisoners scored above 5, we invited all prisoners scoring above 0 to participate in interviews, along with age and sex-matched controls (scoring 0).Interviews and assessments with prisoners were carried out by a team of psychiatrists trained in the measures used. Interviewers were blind to screening status.

Participants in whom the initial clinical assessment suggested possible current mental disorder were fully clinically screened with a standardised instrument, the Clinical Interview Schedule. All interviewed prisoners were asked to consent for a relative to be contacted in order to conduct a telephone interview.Background information was obtained from all interviewed participants, including age, date of admission and estimated date of liberation from prison. Forensic, substance misuse, past medical and psychiatric, educational and employment histories were taken.

Participants provided accounts of past offending. Current IQ was measured using the Quick Test, a brief, standardised measure of intelligence that can be used in non-readers; and reading age using the Schonell Graded Word Reading Test.Three standardised measures were used with the interviewed group of prisoners- a measure of autistic traits (Adult Autism Spectrum Quotient ); an interview with a relative (Asperger Syndrome (and High-Functioning Autism) Diagnostic Interview ); and a measure of facial emotion recognition (Ekman 60 Faces Test ). Adult Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ).The AQ is a self-report questionnaire that measures a range of mild autistic traits in a relatively brief and simple format. An initial study demonstrated excellent sensitivity and specificity in the identification of participants with ASDs.

In the general population, 80% of adults of normal intelligence meeting criteria for ASDs would be expected to score 32 or above in the test, in comparison with 2% of controls. The AQ was not devised specifically for antisocial groups, and some of the questions refer to aspects of life unfamiliar to many prisoners, such as visits to theatres and museums. However, good sensitivity and specificity in identifying individuals with ASDs has been demonstrated in a forensic psychiatric sample.

Due to low literacy levels in the current study population each question was read aloud to the participant. Ekman 60 Faces Test.This neuropsychological test of basic facial emotion recognition consists of a battery of photographs of faces drawn from the Ekman and Friesen series. Sixty photographs, comprising ten representing each of six basic emotions (happiness, surprise, disgust, fear, anger and sadness) are separately displayed upon a computer screen in a pseudo-random order. The participant is required to identify which of the six emotions each photograph represents. This test has been used successfully to characterise deficits in emotion recognition displayed by adults with ASDs. Ethics StatementThis study was approved by the Scottish Prison Service Ethics Committee and the Multicentre Research Ethics Committee (MREC). Written information about the study was displayed in areas agreed with individual prisons, and prisoners could choose to opt out of the screening process.

Before participation in interviews, prisoners were given written information and written informed consent was obtained. MREC stipulated that only convicted prisoners could be included in the study. Patients' relatives were provided with written information, and either written (where possible) or verbal consent was obtained from them, documented, dated and signed by the researcher. Verbal consent was used both because of anticipated problems with literacy and the likelihood of the lifestyles of some individuals leading to difficulty in receiving and returning forms by mail. This was approved by MREC. Screening Tool2458 convicted prisoners were screened using the tool.

The convicted prisoner population at that time was 6156, therefore approximately 40% of the convicted population in Scotland was screened. Prisons included local and long-stay prisons, one male Young Offenders' Institution (YOI) and one women's prison and YOI. 127 of the prisoners screened were women. 15 prisoners from Inverness were screened at the health centre; all other prisoners were screened by staff on the prison halls (main living areas).Minimum score on the tool was 0, maximum was 7.

Median score across all prisons was 0, (interquartile range 0–2). Reliability.Data on reliability were obtained from HMP Peterhead only. Data on inter-rater reliability data were not obtained. Regarding intra-rater reliability nine prisoners were re-scored after a week had elapsed by the officer who had first scored them. Median score for the 9 prisoners for the first screen was 0, (IQ range 0–2), and for the repeat screen was 2 (IQ range 1–4.5).

There was no significant correlation over time between the ratings of the same prison officer for the same subject (ICC. Interviews103 participants scoring above zero on the screen were invited for interview along with an equal number of age and sex-matched participants scoring zero. 51 of the 103 (49.5%) participated, of whom 33 had scored 5 or above on the screen (the cut-off).27 refused (26%), and 17 (16.5%) were unavailable (at court, liberated or transferred). For one individual who did not attend the reason was not known. 76 (73.7%) of those invited and scoring zero on the tool chose to participate.

In total, 127 prisoners who had been scored with the screening tool attended for interview, and 126 took part in all of the further assessments. Seven of those interviewed were women. Health/Substance Use.Mean estimated alcohol intake in the week before prison admission was 91.1 units per person (males 91.5; females 83.4) (range 0–595, sd 123.2). 102 (81%) participants had ever used illegal drugs, and 46 (36.5%) had used drugs while in prison.

42 (33%) had a history of IV drug abuse. 69 (54.8%) had a history of head injury leading to hospital admission or loss of consciousness. 74 (58.7%) were being prescribed medication, 22 of whom were prescribed methadone. 77 (61.1%) had ever seen a psychiatrist, 17 (13.5%) stated that they had been detained under the Mental Health Act. Six said that they had been given diagnoses of schizophrenia or psychosis, 13 depression, 6 substance misuse problems, 5 PTSD, 6 ADHD, and one possible ASD.

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Two had been seen for anger management, and 43 gave a history of deliberate self harm. Ekman 60 Faces Test.This test provides a score out of 10 for each of the 6 emotions (happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, anger, surprise) and a total score out of 60. 126 screened prisoners were examined, mean score was 41.1 (range 24–55, sd 7.3).

Performance was not consistent across emotion type, with prisoners performing best at recognising happiness (mean score 9.8) and worst at fear (mean score 4.2). The prisoner group performed poorly at this task in comparison with normal IQ- and sex-matched controls. GeneralisabilityThe tool was evaluated in a large sample of convicted prisoners that included both sexes and range of ages. Scores on the Quick Test can be compared with those obtained during a survey of the prison population of England and Wales.

In that sample 24% of male sentenced and 16% of female sentenced prisoners scored 41 or more (equivalent to an IQ of 100 or more), while in the current, Scottish sample 40% of males and 29% of females scored 41 or more. The sample in this study therefore appears to have a relatively larger proportion of individuals with an IQ score above 100, although it does not reach the expected population rate of 50%.

With respect to low IQ, a study of both remand and sentenced prisoners in England and Wales found that 4% scored 25 or less on the Quick Test (indicating an IQ of less than or equal to 65) and also had no educational qualifications. Similarly, in the current sample, 6 prisoners (4.7%) met both of these criteria. The high levels of substance misuse and head injury in this sample are in also keeping with other prison populations.Although there was considerable past psychiatric contact, we did not find evidence of high rates of current major mental illness. This contrasts with data from other sentenced prisoner populations. For example, rates of current psychotic illness have been estimated as 7% of male sentenced prisoners, and 14% of female sentenced prisoners in England and Wales.

Results from this study are keeping with prevalence studies in remand populations which suggest that levels of major mental illness in prisons may be lower in Scotland, (2.3%), than in England and Wales (10%), most likely as a result of greater diversion from the prison system in Scotland. Importance of the testThis screening test does appear to measure autistic traits. Its results correlate both with a self-report measure of autistic traits (AQ) and scores on a structured relative interview (ASDI). Importantly, this relationship remains when we control for IQ. The facial emotion recognition (Ekman 60 Faces Test) scores do not correlate with measures of autistic traits and appear to reflect an ‘antisocial’ pattern of deficits discussed further elsewhere.Although specificity is good, sensitivity against AQ scores is poor and, although limited, the data suggest poor reliability. The poor intra-rater reliability may relate to individual characteristics of this tool or reflect more general difficulties in a design using prison officers. We conclude therefore that although this tool is simple and practical, its use in a prison population is limited by its poor sensitivity and intra-rater reliability.

PrevalenceThis study was not designed to estimate ASD prevalence. However, it is to our knowledge the largest ever study examining screening for ASDs in a prison setting. We did not find large numbers of individuals with high self-report scores of autistic traits.

In addition, no developmental history taken was suggestive of an ASD. This may be because individuals with ASDs did not take part in assessments (selection bias) or that the particular tools used did not identify individuals with ASDs in this population. However, it may be because levels of ASDs in this prison population are in fact low. This might be due to diversion of such individuals early in the criminal justice process, or because prisoners with ASDs may not tolerate a prison environment resulting in transfer to hospital once admitted to prison (these explanations could explain the relatively high rates of ASDs identified in the special hospitals). It is also possible that individuals with ASDs are less likely to offend, and therefore would be under-represented throughout the criminal justice system.

LimitationsThere are several limitations to this study. We were unable to examine remand prisoners. Remand prisoners differ from convicted populations and in particular are more highly morbid with respect to mental disorders. However, although there may therefore have been more cases of ASD, we do not consider that the performance of the tool would have been affected and this would not therefore alter our conclusions.Although most prisoners took part in the screening, fewer of those screening positive than negative on the tool chose to take part in the study. As we know that the screen does provide some measure of autistic traits, this may mean that individuals with ASDs were less likely to take part in the interviews. Again, we do not consider that this would have altered the overall assessment of the tool.It did not prove possible to obtain data on inter-rater reliability, and data on intra-rater reliability were limited.

We were reliant upon the co-operation of prison officers to obtain these, and reasons for the difficulties may have included constraints on their time or an inadequate explanation on our part to officers for the reasons for repeat screenings. These data are important, however. Those we do have suggest poor reliability. This suggests that the screen would be of limited use regardless of its other characteristics. Although it is unlikely that this screen will be used, this is an important consideration in the design of other screening tools completed by prison officers.We did not attempt to provide a DSM-IV diagnosis of an ASD, and did not carry out the gold-standard test of a clinical assessment. Diagnosis of this condition is complex and particularly difficult in a prison environment, with its rapid turnover and frequent and unannounced movement of prisoners.

It appears likely, therefore, that using a full clinical assessment would have led to lower numbers of participants in the study. ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the largest study of a screening tool for ASDs in a prison carried out to date. Although specificity was good, the sensitivity of this tool was poor in this convicted Scottish prisoner population. We do not, therefore, recommend its use in screening for ASDs in prisons.Although this was not a prevalence study, we did not find evidence to suggest that ASDs are common in this population. In addition, we did not find evidence suggesting elevated rates of current major mental illness in this population.

However, we did find high levels of head injury and substance misuse. The extremely high self-reported levels of alcohol use in particular (average intake for men more than 4 times the recommended weekly limit, and for women almost six times) are a significant problem in this population. At present alcohol misuse is not routinely screened for in Scottish prisons and it is likely that many individuals with alcohol misuse disorders are not identified by prison staff.We suggest that rather than routinely screen for ASDs in prison, staff should be encouraged to raise concerns about individuals struggling to cope in prison. We also recommend that mental health staff should be trained to recognise ASDs and that there should be access to specialist ASD services where clinically appropriate.

Throwing Shade: The Science of Resting Bitch FaceWe all know the face. No, not just the face, but that face. That look that she swears is not a look. She says she’s not angry; she reassures you she’s having fun. But her face has been “” all night – without saying anything, that face is indicating that she is not happy; more than not happy, she’s about to make your night miserable too.

There are plenty of memes, jokes, and videos, which make light of that face, which in 2015 has become better known as “Resting B- Face” (RBF).Some argue that the term itself is 1. Others argue that it’s a misinterpretation of something innocuous, like. Although both make strong arguments, one could spend longer than this blog to discuss all possible root causes.

But the root causes may not even matter, as that face continues to stare at us, haunt us, and make us second guess our every decision when it’s pointed in our direction. We, on the streets, and even in our own family. No currently celebrity has received as much ridicule for RBF as poor Kristen Stewart, who (perhaps undeservingly) has become the poster child for such an affliction. But way beyond the cultural norms and cruel jokes, we have to ask: is there something more to RBF? What is the reason that we all react to that face so negatively?The answer may lie in our brains, which have evolved the fusiform face gyrus, an area that specializes in recognizing faces 2, as well specific regions of the right parietal cortex that are specifically activated when analyzing facial expressions 3. Pioneering work from legends in the field of psychology, particularly 4 and some of his colleagues, have contributed a vast understanding of faces and how our brain recognizes them. With current technology, scientists can go one step further in their research and automate facial expression classification using the most sophisticated technology on the market today.

This technology, called 5, is capable of reading over five hundred points on the face to determine the emotional expressions of the six ‘basic’ emotions: happy, angry, sad, scared, surprised, and disgusted. These emotions are, across all races, genders, and ages. Since these ‘basic’ emotions were identified over 50 years ago, researchers have added additional universally-displayed emotions to the list. One of these later additions remains something of an enigma; not treated as a universal expression until the 1990s, the emotion of contempt elicits strong debate.While on the same continuum as anger, the philosopher Robert C.

Solomon 6 and others, such as researcher, treat contempt differently – it’s more a blend of anger and sadness directed at those deemed below you. Contempt is maladaptive in that it is particularly toxic when it develops between people 7. While contempt can be displayed for a variety of reasons, it’s easily recognized due to its curious facial phenotype: lips and brow not quite angry or sad, the lip tightened and raised more strongly on one side than the other. But in regards to this article: why is contempt included in a discussion on RBF?Recently, consultants at Noldus Information Technology (Leesburg, VA) ran a series of videos and images through FaceReader to determine whether RBF has a facial phenotype.

Images were taken from a Google search, focusing on celebrities (such as Kristen Stewart), as well as others like Kanye West and Queen Elizabeth, and the video mentioned above. All faces in the images were verified across social media as displaying true RBF.

Both static images and running videos were processed through, one of the most sophisticated tools for automatically measuring facial emotional expression. What emerged rather quickly was that across faces the amount of anger, sadness, and fear displayed were highly variablebut to the surprise of the research team, one emotion continued to rear its ugly head: the dreaded contempt. As shown in Figure 1, contempt measures very low on 10 “normal” faces, only accounting for approximately 3% of the overall emotional expression. On 10 faces displaying RBF, however, the percentage of contempt is significantly higher, almost doubling to 5.76% of the total emotion.Fig1.This is a fundamental and key point. FaceReader is not detecting enough contempt to reflect true contempt, because these faces are not actually displaying contempt.

It just looks like contempt to the viewer. Thus, it is the perception of that unconscious, subtle contempt expression that defines RBF. Although that face may not be intentional, the viewer’s brain is wired to analyze, and recognize, when a face is displaying even minute traces of contempt. Because contempt is based upon elements of comparison and judgment, viewing this in someone’s face creates a feeling of uneasiness, or uncomfortableness, for the person viewing that face. Look at Figure 2, which shows an example from another (perhaps deserving) RBF celebrity: Kanye West. While we wouldn’t say Kanye is showing anger, or disgust, or any other “negative” emotion we know that he isn’t simply ‘neutral’ either. Indeed, FaceReader registers those minute amounts of contempt that are simply not present in non-RBF ‘neutral’ faces.Fig 2 (Picture Kanye West By David Shankbone (David Shankbone) CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons)Need further convincing? Take a look at Figure 3, showing some additional faces; note the spikes in contempt that FaceReader detects in these faces!Fig 3.

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Analyzed video from YouTube channelThink you or a loved one may have RBF? Test yourself!Not to promote something we won’t do ourselves, our author Abbe Macbeth allowed herself to be used as an example of how contempt does not register on a neutral face without RBF; she’s never been described as having that look when just neutral! In Fig 4 you can see her example – the difference between this neutral and Fig 2 and 3 is quite clear: the spikes in contempt that are observed in RBF are no longer present.After analyzing your photo you just continue to defend: “See, I’m just thinking!

I don’t have RBF!!!”.!Fig 4. REFERENCES. Deutsch, F.M., LeBaron, D., & Fryer, M.M. What’s in a smile? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11, 341-352. Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., Chun, M.M. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 4302-4311.

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Adolphs, R., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., Damasio, A.R. 16, 7678-7687. Ekman, P. 1977 eds Siegman, A. And Feldstein, S.

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New Jersey. Lewinski, P., Fransen, M.L., and Tan, E.S.H. Predicting advertising effectiveness by facial expressions in response to amusing persuasive stimuli. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 7, 1-14. Solomon, R.C. The Passions: Emotions and the Meaning of Life.

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Hackett Publishing. Gottman, J., Levenson, R., & Woodin, E.

Ekman 60 Faces Test Software 2017

Journal of Family Communication, 1, 37-57. Space buns sims 4. Abbe Macbeth, Ph.